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    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Maddalam]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Percussion]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Drum]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Sound]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Instrument]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Music]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Beat]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Melody]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Impact]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[Maddalam is one of the major and most valuable instrument in the percussion set of the Kathakali. There is are unique fingering and drumming techniques to playing Maddalam, such as Natas (phrases), Thishram (six beats), Khandam (10 beats) and Mishram (seven beats). As the instrument requires a lot of perfection, once mastered, performers may attend the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Academy and receive the Kerala Kalamandalam award.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:creator><![CDATA[Shadkala Govinda Marar]]></dcterms:creator>
    <dcterms:created><![CDATA[4th Century CE]]></dcterms:created>
    <dcterms:valid><![CDATA[4th Century CE to Present]]></dcterms:valid>
    <dcterms:contributor><![CDATA[Manjery Sankunni Nair]]></dcterms:contributor>
    <dcterms:contributor><![CDATA[Chalakudy Narayanan Nambeesan ]]></dcterms:contributor>
    <dcterms:rights><![CDATA[To be hung around the waist of the person playing, To be played when instrument performer is standing]]></dcterms:rights>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Madhalam]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Length: 60-70cm<br />
Radius: 20-30cm<br />
Mass: Heavy<br />
Accessories: Decorated with a red cotton textile on top<br />
]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:type><![CDATA[Physical Object ]]></dcterms:type>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[maddalam]]></dcterms:identifier>
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</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-34/items/show/39">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Idakka ]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Percussion]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Itaykka]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Edaykka]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Drum]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Sound]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Instrument]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Music]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Beat]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Melody]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Impact]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[Idakka is one of the instruments used in Kathakali. Idakka is a small and high pitched drum with definite pitch. The idakka is viewed as one of the most challenging instruments to play. It is usually played by young men and women. It is also one of the four instruments played in the Kerala temple orchestra.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:creator><![CDATA[Kuttikunju Thankachi]]></dcterms:creator>
    <dcterms:created><![CDATA[4th Century CE]]></dcterms:created>
    <dcterms:valid><![CDATA[4th Century CE to Present]]></dcterms:valid>
    <dcterms:contributor><![CDATA[Lord Shiva]]></dcterms:contributor>
    <dcterms:rights><![CDATA[To be slung over the left shoulder, To have the right side of the instrument is gently beaten with a thin curve-ended stick, To have pitch bent by squeezing the lacing in the middle]]></dcterms:rights>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Damaru, Pandi Melam, Panchari melam, Thayambaka, Panchavadyam, Tripunithura Krishnadas]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Shape: Hourglass <br />
Accessories: red and gold shoulder strap, colourful dyed woollen pompoms<br />
Special notes: Diameter of the drum heads can be larger than the diameter of the body<br />
]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:type><![CDATA[Physical Object ]]></dcterms:type>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[idakka ]]></dcterms:identifier>
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</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-34/items/show/38">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Elathalam]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Cymbals]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Percussion]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Sound]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Instrument]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Music]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Beat]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Triangle]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[Elathalam is one of the instruments used in Kathakali. Elathalam closely resembles the Western instrument cymbals. However, Elathalam is smaller yet thickness than the typical cymbal. Although it is not a lead instrument, the sound produced by Elathalam is unique. It has a distinct chime. There are numerous notable masters of Elathalam in India whose talent are praised and respected.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:creator><![CDATA[Irayimman Thampi]]></dcterms:creator>
    <dcterms:created><![CDATA[4th Century CE]]></dcterms:created>
    <dcterms:valid><![CDATA[4th Century CE to Present]]></dcterms:valid>
    <dcterms:contributor><![CDATA[Cheriyath Thanku Marar]]></dcterms:contributor>
    <dcterms:rights><![CDATA[To be played by keeping one part of the cymbal in left hand banging the other cymbal to the one in left hand]]></dcterms:rights>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Ilathalam]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Radius: 15-20cm<br />
Design: Inner surface is hallowed<br />
Additional Components: Handles on the outer surface <br />
]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:type><![CDATA[Physical Object ]]></dcterms:type>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[elathalam]]></dcterms:identifier>
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</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-34/items/show/37">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Chenda]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Drum]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Percussion]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Sound]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Instrument]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Music]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Beat]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Melody]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Impact]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[Chenda is a large drum that plays loud and resounding sounds. It is one of the major drums in the percussion set of Kathakali. It is also used in other Indian orchestras, therefore it is not limited to solely Kathakali.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:creator><![CDATA[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma]]></dcterms:creator>
    <dcterms:created><![CDATA[4th Century CE to Now]]></dcterms:created>
    <dcterms:valid><![CDATA[4th Century CE to Present]]></dcterms:valid>
    <dcterms:contributor><![CDATA[Mattannoor Sankarankutty ]]></dcterms:contributor>
    <dcterms:rights><![CDATA[To be played by suspending it from the left shoulder of with the help of a cloth band, To be played either by using the left hand and a stick on the right hand or by using sticks in both hands, Rings to be replaced 15 a year]]></dcterms:rights>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Pandi]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Panchari]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Dhruvam]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Adantha]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Anjadantha]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Chemba]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Chembada]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Tripuda]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Height: 90 cm<br />
Width: 45 cm<br />
Accessories: Wooden Rings<br />
]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:type><![CDATA[Physical Object ]]></dcterms:type>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[chendu]]></dcterms:identifier>
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</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-34/items/show/36">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Kalvilakku]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Lamp]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Lighting]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Illuminance]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[ Brightness]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Radiance]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Luminosity]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Candle]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[Kalvilakku is a tall and large lamp placed on the stage. It sets the atmosphere and provides lighting to the dance drama. It is usually set with coconut oil. It is still popularly used in Kathakali, although it is slowly being replaced by halogen and LED lamps. You can often find this lamp in churches and temples as well.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:creator><![CDATA[Sri Manavedan Raja]]></dcterms:creator>
    <dcterms:created><![CDATA[300 AD]]></dcterms:created>
    <dcterms:valid><![CDATA[300 AD to Present]]></dcterms:valid>
    <dcterms:contributor><![CDATA[Vemancheri Mana]]></dcterms:contributor>
    <dcterms:rights><![CDATA[To be lit up before the commencement of the dance drama]]></dcterms:rights>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Nilavilakku]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Height: 40cm to 200cm<br />
Design: Appearance similar to that of a fountain. It consist of main bowl-like structures piercing a thick rod.<br />
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    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[kalvilakku]]></dcterms:identifier>
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</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-34/items/show/35">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Tereshiela]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Thirasseela]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Curtain]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Satin]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Colourful]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Bright]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Prop]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Screen]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Upholstery]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Draw]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Veil]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Drapery]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Drapes]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Shroud]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[Tereshiela is held in front of the stage to introduce characters. It is also used as backdrop and background aesthetic to please the audience as well as bring enthusiasm to the dance drama. It is specially made and hand-made.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:creator><![CDATA[Sri Manavedan Raja]]></dcterms:creator>
    <dcterms:created><![CDATA[Mid 17th Century]]></dcterms:created>
    <dcterms:valid><![CDATA[Mid 17th Century to Present]]></dcterms:valid>
    <dcterms:contributor><![CDATA[Vettathu Raja]]></dcterms:contributor>
    <dcterms:rights><![CDATA[To be held by two men or two costume assistants<br />
]]></dcterms:rights>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Kalivilakku]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Length: Four Feet<br />
Width: Five Feet<br />
Traditional Design: Single colour, with the figure of lotus or deity painted <br />
Modern Design: Rectangles of bright colours, with logo or name of the troupe. Larger Size.<br />
]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:type><![CDATA[Physical Object ]]></dcterms:type>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[tereshiela]]></dcterms:identifier>
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</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-34/items/show/34">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Sopanam]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Song]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Poem]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Poetry]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Music]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Lyrics]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Vocals]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Singers]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Poets]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[Sopanam is style of music and rendition which is practised Kathakali, making it extremely unqiue. It is a type of Carnatic music.The Sopanam style is a slow rhythmic pace with subtle variations in pitch. These Sopanam songs  are used to interpret and convey the plot Kathakali. They are central to the Kathakali performance as much as the facial expressions, and make-up and costume. ]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:creator><![CDATA[Sri Manavedan Raja]]></dcterms:creator>
    <dcterms:created><![CDATA[4th Century CE]]></dcterms:created>
    <dcterms:valid><![CDATA[4th Century CE to Present]]></dcterms:valid>
    <dcterms:contributor><![CDATA[Purandara Dasa]]></dcterms:contributor>
    <dcterms:rights><![CDATA[To be sung throughout the performance in a slow rhythmic pace and gradual changes in pitch.]]></dcterms:rights>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Sangeetham]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[N/A]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:type><![CDATA[Sound]]></dcterms:type>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[sopanam]]></dcterms:identifier>
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</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-34/items/show/33">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Singidi]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Singer]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Vocalist]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Vocals]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Voice]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Music]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Sound]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[Singidi is someone who is a minor singer. They are considered lower than and are usually an assitant to Ponnani. They plan an important role in maintaing the beat, rhythm and pace of the music in Kathakali. There are usually only two singers in the entire Kathakali perfomance, whom one is Singidi. However, in some scenarios, there can be more than one Singidi.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:creator><![CDATA[Sri Manavedan Raja]]></dcterms:creator>
    <dcterms:created><![CDATA[4th Century CE]]></dcterms:created>
    <dcterms:valid><![CDATA[4th Century CE to Present]]></dcterms:valid>
    <dcterms:contributor><![CDATA[Jayadeva]]></dcterms:contributor>
    <dcterms:rights><![CDATA[To keep time and rhythm with Elethalam ( cymbals), Chenda (drum) and Maddalam (drum)]]></dcterms:rights>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Ponnani]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[N/A]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:type><![CDATA[Interactive Resource]]></dcterms:type>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[singidi]]></dcterms:identifier>
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    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Ponnani]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Singer]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Vocalist]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Vocals]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Voice]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Music]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Sound]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[Ponnani is someone who is the main vocal singer of the Kathakali performance. Ponnani uses a sopanam style to sing. Similar to a conductor in a Western orchestra, Ponnani is someone who maintains the beat, pace and rhythm of the music. There are usually only two singers in the entire Kathakali perfomance, whom one is Ponnani.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:creator><![CDATA[Sri Manavedan Raja]]></dcterms:creator>
    <dcterms:created><![CDATA[4th Century CE]]></dcterms:created>
    <dcterms:valid><![CDATA[4th Century CE to Present]]></dcterms:valid>
    <dcterms:contributor><![CDATA[Jayadeva]]></dcterms:contributor>
    <dcterms:rights><![CDATA[ To keep time and rhythm with sound made by Chegala (gong)]]></dcterms:rights>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Singidi]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[N/A]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:type><![CDATA[Interactive Resource]]></dcterms:type>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ponnani]]></dcterms:identifier>
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</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-34/items/show/31">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Viram]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Heroic]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Emotions]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Expressions]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Acting]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Facial]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[Veera is one of the facial expressions used in Kathakali. It is heroism. It represents bravery and self-confidence. People express veera through their raised eyebrows and smirking lips.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:creator><![CDATA[Abhinavagupta]]></dcterms:creator>
    <dcterms:created><![CDATA[Between 200 BCE and 200 CE]]></dcterms:created>
    <dcterms:valid><![CDATA[Till Date ]]></dcterms:valid>
    <dcterms:contributor><![CDATA[Bharata Muni]]></dcterms:contributor>
    <dcterms:rights><![CDATA[To be used to express boldness &amp; valour and in retrospect with Lord Rama ]]></dcterms:rights>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Heroism ]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Wide eyes]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[ Both corners of the mouth lowered]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Arched eyebrows]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:type><![CDATA[Facial Expression]]></dcterms:type>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[viram10]]></dcterms:identifier>
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