1 10 43 https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-24/files/original/4b5e02c6ee1234fe9074d702a0b19b56.jpg 01beb878499fc3efe4370cac6872e4b1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Brush Subject The topic of the resource Tools Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Plastic Bamboo Animal hair Type The nature or genre of the resource Physical Object Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Goat Hair Brush (羊毫筆） Subject The topic of the resource Chinese Calligraphy Northern and Southern Dynasties (南北朝） Utensils Writing Tools Brush Soft Brush Description An account of the resource A brush that is made with goat hair, which is softer and has less flexibility. Goat hair brushes usually absorb ink easily and are used to write rounded and thick words. This kind of brush is also more long-lasting compared to other types of harder brushes. Goat hair brushes were said to origin from the Northern and Southern Dynasties and were made out of a goat's tail or chin hair. Goat hair brushes were not properly used until the Southern Song Dynasty, and were not popularised until the Qing Dynasty. This is because ancient calligraphers preferred a strong and powerful stroke, while brushes made out of goat hair were too soft to achieve this. It wasn't until the Qing Dynasty where people valued more rounded and subtle styles did the goat hair brush come into wide use. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Goat Hair Jade Plastic Bamboo Type The nature or genre of the resource Physical Object Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context goalhairbrush Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Northern and Southern Dynasties (南北朝） Instructional Method A process, used to engender knowledge, attitudes and skills, that the described resource is designed to support. Instructional Method will typically include ways of presenting instructional materials or conducting instructional activities, patterns of learner-to-learner and learner-to-instructor interactions, and mechanisms by which group and individual levels of learning are measured. Instructional methods include all aspects of the instruction and learning processes from planning and implementation through evaluation and feedback. When using a new brush, use a finger to softly rub the tip of the brush to separate the bristles. Soak 3/4 of the brush in warm water for 3-5 minutes. Before starting to write, wet the brush with water, and dry it with some paper, then hang it on a brush holder to dry for about 7-10 minutes. Make sure that the brush is not completely dry when writing, leave some moisture in it to make sure it mixes well with the ink. After using the brush, wash it immediately with water and tidy the bristles with the current of the water. Make sure not to use soap as it contains chemicals which can damage the brush. It is important to wash the brush immediately as the ink can dry, making it difficult to wash it off later, and damaging the brush. After washing the brush and drying it, hang it on a brush holder within a dry environment, avoiding the sun's direct contact. When opening a new brush, the brush cap that comes along with it can be disposed and should not be reused when storing the brush. This is because putting the cap back on the brush can damage the bristles on the brush. Relation A related resource Mixed Hair Brush (兼毫筆） Weasel Hair Brush (狼毫筆） https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-24/files/original/71b50743fd29aea8c2b711538d08c452.jpg d58edad70901f0ad78c4f33264f09b5f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Brush Subject The topic of the resource Tools Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Plastic Bamboo Animal hair Type The nature or genre of the resource Physical Object Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mixed Hair Brush (兼毫筆） Subject The topic of the resource Chinese Calligraphy Utensils Writing Tools Brush Mixed Brush Description An account of the resource A mixed hair brush is usually made with a mixture of soft and hard animal hairs. The ratio between soft and hard hairs can vary, for example 3:7 or 5:5. The most commonly used soft hairs are goat hair, while weasel hair and rabbit hair will sometimes be used for hard hair. The softness and flexibility of a mixed hair brush is between that of the weasel hair and goat hair brush, which makes it easier for beginners to use. Very often, the hard hair would be placed at the center of the brush while the soft hair surrounds it. Type The nature or genre of the resource Physical Object Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Goat Hair Weasel Hair Rabbit Hair Plastic Bamboo Jade Wood Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context mixedhairbrush Instructional Method A process, used to engender knowledge, attitudes and skills, that the described resource is designed to support. Instructional Method will typically include ways of presenting instructional materials or conducting instructional activities, patterns of learner-to-learner and learner-to-instructor interactions, and mechanisms by which group and individual levels of learning are measured. Instructional methods include all aspects of the instruction and learning processes from planning and implementation through evaluation and feedback. When using a new brush, use a finger to softly rub the tip of the brush to separate the bristles. Soak 3/4 of the brush in warm water for 3-5 minutes. Before starting to write, wet the brush with water, and dry it with some paper, then hang it on a brush holder to dry for about 7-10 minutes. Make sure that the brush is not completely dry when writing, leave some moisture in it to make sure it mixes well with the ink. After using the brush, wash it immediately with water and tidy the bristles with the current of the water. Make sure not to use soap as it contains chemicals which can damage the brush. It is important to wash the brush immediately as the ink can dry, making it difficult to wash it off later, and damaging the brush. After washing the brush and drying it, hang it on a brush holder within a dry environment, avoiding the sun's direct contact. When opening a new brush, the brush cap that comes along with it can be disposed and should not be reused when storing the brush. This is because putting the cap back on the brush can damage the bristles on the brush. Relation A related resource Goat Hair Brush (羊毫筆） Weasel Hair Brush (狼毫筆） https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-24/files/original/4779c179528879ae465665ab37ec407a.jpg 5d6ce210a108e48044c8beadee7aa533 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Brush Subject The topic of the resource Tools Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Plastic Bamboo Animal hair Type The nature or genre of the resource Physical Object Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Weasel Hair Brush (狼毫筆） Subject The topic of the resource Chinese Calligraphy Utensils Writing Tools Brush Hard Brush Description An account of the resource These brushes are made of weasel hair and are generally harder and have greater flexibility. Weasel hair brushes are usually yellow in colour, sometimes with a reddish tint, and comes with a glossy texture. Brushes made out of weasel hair from Dongbei (東北) are said to be the most valuable. It was said that these brushes were actually made out of wolf hair (狼毛) in the past, instead of weasel hair (黃鼠狼毛). Relation A related resource Goat Hair Brush (羊毫筆） Mixed Hair Brush （兼毫筆） Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Weasel Hair Plastic Wood Bamboo Jade Type The nature or genre of the resource Physical Object Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context weaselhairbrush Instructional Method A process, used to engender knowledge, attitudes and skills, that the described resource is designed to support. Instructional Method will typically include ways of presenting instructional materials or conducting instructional activities, patterns of learner-to-learner and learner-to-instructor interactions, and mechanisms by which group and individual levels of learning are measured. Instructional methods include all aspects of the instruction and learning processes from planning and implementation through evaluation and feedback. When using a new brush, use a finger to softly rub the tip of the brush to separate the bristles. Soak 3/4 of the brush in warm water for 3-5 minutes. Before starting to write, wet the brush with water, and dry it with some paper, then hang it on a brush holder to dry for about 7-10 minutes. Make sure that the brush is not completely dry when writing, leave some moisture in it to make sure it mixes well with the ink. After using the brush, wash it immediately with water and tidy the bristles with the current of the water. Make sure not to use soap as it contains chemicals which can damage the brush. It is important to wash the brush immediately as the ink can dry, making it difficult to wash it off later, and damaging the brush. After washing the brush and drying it, hang it on a brush holder within a dry environment, avoiding the sun's direct contact. When opening a new brush, the brush cap that comes along with it can be disposed and should not be reused when storing the brush. This is because putting the cap back on the brush can damage the bristles on the brush. https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-24/files/original/a476f189df3cc4d8e1a2ef52e8590ece.jpeg 20048845f5011208f20d9927b618dcc4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Paper Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Paper Type The nature or genre of the resource Physical Object Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mao Bian Paper (毛邊紙） Description An account of the resource Mao Bian Paper is a type of paper that is usually made from bamboo fibers. It has a fine and smooth texture, and is thin and soft, it has a low water resistance and absorbs ink well. Type The nature or genre of the resource Physical Object Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Bamboo Mixture Slightly Yellow Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Ming Dynasty Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context maobianpaper Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Mao Jin (毛晉) Subject The topic of the resource Chinese Calligraphy Writing Tools Calligraphy Tools Paper Bamboo Paper Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Bamboo paper was produced in Jiangxi towards the end of the Ming Dynasty, and was used for writing as well as printing books. In the Ming Dynasty, there was an avid book collector called Mao Jin (毛晉) who once went to Jiangxi and ordered large amounts of this kind of bamboo paper, and used it for printing books. He stamped his surname Mao (毛) on the paper, and sold books made out of this bamboo paper, and it has been called Mao Bian paper ever since. Before him, books were usually printed on paper made out of cotton, and were much more expensive, and difficult for the general public to afford. Relation A related resource Xuan Paper (宣紙） Sheng Xuan Paper (生宣紙） Shu Xuan Paper (熟宣紙） https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-24/files/original/2d0f117e3286f4f4191db03174bb2297.jpg 4e14dcd24c84ff1f72d2e80f8ae11e60 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Xuan Paper Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Tang Dynasty Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Paper Type The nature or genre of the resource Physical Object Subject The topic of the resource Paper Writing Tools Description An account of the resource Xuan Paper is a type of paper originating in ancient China that is used for traditional paintings and calligraphies. It is known for being durable, easy to store and high colour retaining abilities. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context xuanpaper Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sheng Xuan Paper (生宣紙） Subject The topic of the resource Chinese Calligraphy Writing Tools Calligraphy Tools Paper Rice Paper Description An account of the resource Sheng Xuan is a type of Xuan paper that is usually not processed, and has high ink absorbance abilities and has high flexibility. It is difficult for beginners to use Sheng Xuan paper because the ink is absorbed quickly, causing it to blur. Sheng Xuan Paper is often used for Xieyi (寫意) - a traditional type of Chinese painting - as well as writing scripts like semi-cursive (行書) and cursive (草書) (which usually have more flexibility and personal style). Type The nature or genre of the resource Physical Object Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Tang Dynasty Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Qing Tan Bark (青檀樹皮） Rice Straw (沙田稻草） Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context shengxuanpaper Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Xuan paper was first mentioned in the ancient Chinese book "New Book of Tang" (新唐書). It was originally produced in the Tang dynasty in Jing County, which was under the jurisdiction of Xuan Prefecture (Xuanzhou), hence the name Xuan paper. Relation A related resource Xuan Paper (宣紙） Shu Xuan Paper (熟宣紙） Mao Bian Paper (毛邊紙) https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-24/files/original/d812a2742819bc6836fa4fa2fa94ad6a.jpeg a43c3ccccb3bb7224ff1f0d42bad9f6f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Xuan Paper Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Tang Dynasty Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Paper Type The nature or genre of the resource Physical Object Subject The topic of the resource Paper Writing Tools Description An account of the resource Xuan Paper is a type of paper originating in ancient China that is used for traditional paintings and calligraphies. It is known for being durable, easy to store and high colour retaining abilities. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context xuanpaper Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Shu Xuan Paper (熟宣紙） Subject The topic of the resource Chinese Calligraphy Writing Tools Calligraphy Tools Paper Rice Paper Processed Paper Description An account of the resource Shu Xuan paper, has Potassium alum worked into it during production, which results in a stiffer texture, a reduced ability to absorb water, and less resistance to shear stress (meaning that it can be torn much more easily). Shu Xuan Paper is usually used to write smaller sized calligraphy which requires more accuracy and neatness. Type The nature or genre of the resource Physical Object Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context shuxuanpaper Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Qing Tan Bark (青檀樹皮） Rice Straw (沙田稻草） Potassium Alum Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Xuan paper was first mentioned in the ancient Chinese book "New Book of Tang" (新唐書). It was originally produced in the Tang dynasty in Jing County, which was under the jurisdiction of Xuan Prefecture (Xuanzhou), hence the name Xuan paper. Relation A related resource Xuan Paper (宣紙) Sheng Xuan Paper (生宣紙） Mao Bian Paper (毛邊紙） https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-24/files/original/064da8aa2f9f1a4bc4b99cda0fa6aa80.jpg c7b0a6df5a61a4483944726b6d297f93 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ink Description An account of the resource Ink that is used to write Chinese calligraphy. Type The nature or genre of the resource Physical Object Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Liquid Ink (墨汁） Subject The topic of the resource Chinese Calligraphy Writing Tools Calligraphy Tools Ink Liquid Ink Description An account of the resource Liquid Ink is a type of ink that was invented in the 19th century, and can be used directly without an ink stone. This is usually used by beginners as it is more convenient and easy to use. The inventor of liquid ink, Taguchi Seiji, was a teacher from Japan, and in order to motivate young children to practice calligraphy, he invented liquid ink in order to make writing easier and more convenient. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Liquid Plastic Container Black Type The nature or genre of the resource Physical Object Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Taguchi Seiji (田口精爾) Kaimei & Co. Ltd Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1898 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context liquidink Relation A related resource Pine Soot Ink (松煙墨） Oil Soot Ink (油煙墨） https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-24/files/original/a4df648c3648bc5fdcecd5a2f23f6fc4.jpeg f25d4594d9317cccc30f21fa0058a943 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ink Description An account of the resource Ink that is used to write Chinese calligraphy. Type The nature or genre of the resource Physical Object Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oil Soot Ink (油煙墨） Subject The topic of the resource Chinese Calligraphy Writing Tools Calligraphy Tools Ink Solid Ink Inksticks Song Dynasty (宋朝) Description An account of the resource Oil soot ink is made using the soot of burnt tung oil or various other oils. There is more glue (animal glue, e.g. egg white, fish skin, or ox hide glues) in this type of ink than the other kinds, so it does not spread as much. Oil soot ink has more lustre, and it often used for writing calligraphy and well as paintings (e.g. flowers, birds, landscapes) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Song Dynasty (宋朝) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Solid Rectangular Often have inscriptions or images incorporated in the design. Type The nature or genre of the resource Physical Object Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context oilsootink Instructional Method A process, used to engender knowledge, attitudes and skills, that the described resource is designed to support. Instructional Method will typically include ways of presenting instructional materials or conducting instructional activities, patterns of learner-to-learner and learner-to-instructor interactions, and mechanisms by which group and individual levels of learning are measured. Instructional methods include all aspects of the instruction and learning processes from planning and implementation through evaluation and feedback. Hold the inkstick straight while grinding it against the inkstone. Grind the inkstick with moderate speed and strength, and add an appropriate amount of water to ensure the concentration of the ink is maintained. Only grind as much ink as needed, because when ink is left unused for more than a day, the soot and glue starts to separate, and the ink becomes unusable. Once the process of ink grinding is finished, remove the inkstick from the inkstone immediately to prevent them from sticking to each other. Store the inkstick in a container or box of some sort to prevent the sun's direct contact as well as humidity. If you accidentally stain your clothing with ink, wash it with water immediately. If water is unable to complete remove the stain, try to use cooked rice. This is because the starch in rice can stick to the small soot particles in the ink, making it easier to wash off. https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-24/files/original/7c963d3d4ff31dcdad764b5e929b353d.jpeg e9d26afe1933b9a9cb86335fe735bf2e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ink Description An account of the resource Ink that is used to write Chinese calligraphy. Type The nature or genre of the resource Physical Object Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pine Soot Ink (松煙墨） Type The nature or genre of the resource Physical Object Subject The topic of the resource Chinese Calligraphy Writing Tools Calligraphy Tools Ink Solid Ink Inksticks Song Dynasty (宋朝) Description An account of the resource Pine soot ink is made from the soot of pine wood, which is produced by the anoxic burning of pine wood. It has less glue (animal glue, e.g. Egg white, fish skin, or ox hide glues) and so spreads more than oil soot ink. Pine soot ink is a lot less lustrous or glossy compared to oil soot ink. It is often used to write calligraphy on stone carvings, or paintings (e.g. things like a man's hair). Before pine soot ink was widely used, ink was usually made out of natural compositions like graphite (石墨). However, producing pine soot inks requires chopping down thicker and stronger pine trees, creating damage for the natural environment Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Solid Rectangular Often have inscriptions and images Pine soot Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context pinesootink Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource To make ink, the inkstick is ground against an inkstone with a small quantity of water to produce a dark liquid which is then applied with an ink brush. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Song Dynasty (宋朝) Instructional Method A process, used to engender knowledge, attitudes and skills, that the described resource is designed to support. Instructional Method will typically include ways of presenting instructional materials or conducting instructional activities, patterns of learner-to-learner and learner-to-instructor interactions, and mechanisms by which group and individual levels of learning are measured. Instructional methods include all aspects of the instruction and learning processes from planning and implementation through evaluation and feedback. Hold the inkstick straight while grinding it against the inkstone. Grind the inkstick with moderate speed and strength, and add an appropriate amount of water to ensure the concentration of the ink is maintained. Only grind as much ink as you need, because when ink is left unused for more than a day, the soot and glue starts to separate, and the ink becomes unusable. Once the process of ink grinding is finished, remove the inkstick from the inkstone immediately to prevent them from sticking to each other. Store the inkstick in a container or box of some sort to prevent the sun's direct contact as well as humidity. If you accidentally stain your clothing with ink, wash it with water immediately. If water is unable to complete remove the stain, try to use cooked rice. This is because the starch in rice can stick to the small soot particles in the ink, making it easier to wash off. Relation A related resource Oil Soot Ink (油煙墨） Liquid Ink (墨汁) https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-24/files/original/ab6d6f6c471545f830fb24c3a2d112c0.JPG 06fd4f2c3c666fee91aa84271e6b6fa5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Inkstone Description An account of the resource An inkstone is a stone mortar for the grinding and containment of ink. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Stone Clay Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Duan Inkstone (端硯) Subject The topic of the resource Chinese Calligraphy Writing Tools Calligraphy Tools Four Treasures of the Study Stone Mortar Ink Container Inkstone Tang Dynasty (唐朝） Description An account of the resource Duan stone is a volcanic tuff, commonly of a purple to a purple-red color. There are various distinctive markings, due to various rock materials imbedded in the stone, that create unique designs and stone eyes (inclusions) which were traditionally valued in China. Duan inkstones are extremely solid, smooth and fine, and is said to be the most valuable type of inkstones. The ink that is grinded from Duan inkstones are usually of high quality, is easy to write with and long-lasting. During the Song Dynasty, the emperor commanded that the government officials from Guangdong are not to bring the Duan stone into the capital without prior authorisation, showing how valuable the stone is. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Tang Dynasty Wude (唐朝武德） Type The nature or genre of the resource Physical Object Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context duaninkstone Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Made of volcanic tuff, commonly of a purple to a purple-red color. Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Duan stones can be found in Guangdong's Zhaoqing city (廣東肇慶), Zhaoqing was called Duanzhou (端州) in ancient China, hence the name Duan stone. Instructional Method A process, used to engender knowledge, attitudes and skills, that the described resource is designed to support. Instructional Method will typically include ways of presenting instructional materials or conducting instructional activities, patterns of learner-to-learner and learner-to-instructor interactions, and mechanisms by which group and individual levels of learning are measured. Instructional methods include all aspects of the instruction and learning processes from planning and implementation through evaluation and feedback. When grinding ink, cold water should be used instead of hot water or tea. Relation A related resource Chengni Inkstone (澄泥硯) She Inkstone (歙硯) Tao Inkstone (洮硯)