<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-24/items/show/31">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Chengni Inkstone (澄泥硯)]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Chinese Calligraphy]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Tools for Calligraphy]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Four Treasures of the Study]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Inkstone]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[Chengni inkstones are ceramic-manufactured inkstones. ]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[Tang Dynasty (唐朝)]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Duan Inkstone (端硯)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[She Inkstone (歙硯)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Tao Inkstone (洮硯)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Ceramic ]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:type><![CDATA[Physical Object]]></dcterms:type>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[chengniinkstones]]></dcterms:identifier>
    <dcterms:spatial><![CDATA[The manufacture of Chengni inkstones is said to have originated in Luoyang, Henan. ]]></dcterms:spatial>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-24/items/show/15">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Clerical Script (隸書)]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Chinese Calligraphy]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Qin Dynasty (秦朝）]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Fonts]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Scripts]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Writing Styles]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Chinese]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Chinese Characters]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[The clerical script is an archaic style of Chinese calligraphy which evolved from the Warring States period to the Qin dynasty, was a dominant script in the Han dynasty, and remained in use through the Wei-Jin periods. <br />
<br />
Due to its high legibility to modern readers, it is still used for artistic flavour in a variety of functional applications such as headlines, signboards, and advertisements. This legibility stems from the highly rectilinear structure, a feature shared with modern regular script. In structure and rectilinearity, it is generally similar to the modern script; however, in contrast with the tall to square modern script, it tends to be square to wide, and often has a pronounced, wavelike flaring of isolated major strokes, especially a dominant rightward or downward diagonal stroke.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:source><![CDATA[Common Creative Search ]]></dcterms:source>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[Common Creative Search ]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[Qin Dynasty (秦朝）<br />
]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Regular Script (楷書)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Seal Calligraphy (篆書)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Clerical Script (隸書)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Running Script (行書)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:language><![CDATA[Chinese]]></dcterms:language>
    <dcterms:type><![CDATA[Script]]></dcterms:type>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[clericalscript]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-24/items/show/16">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Cursive Script (草書)]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Chinese Calligraphy]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Eastern Han Dynasty (東漢）<br />
]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Fonts]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Scripts]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Writing Styles]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Chinese]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Chinese Characters]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[Cursive script is faster to write than other styles, but difficult to read for those unfamiliar with it. It functions primarily as a kind of shorthand script or calligraphic style. People who can read standard or printed forms of Chinese may not be able to comprehend this script.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:source><![CDATA[Creative Commons Search]]></dcterms:source>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[Creative Commons Search]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[Eastern Han Dynasty (東漢）<br />
]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Regular Script (楷書)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Running  Script (隸書)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Seal Calligraphy (篆書)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Clerical Script (隸書)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:language><![CDATA[Chinese]]></dcterms:language>
    <dcterms:type><![CDATA[Script]]></dcterms:type>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[cursivescript<br />
]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-24/items/show/40">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Draft of a Requiem to My Nephew (祭侄文稿)]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Ancient Calligraphy]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Chinese Calligraphy]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Caligraphy Masterpiece]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Famous Calligraphy]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Running Script (行書)]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Tang Dynasty (唐朝)]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Yan Zhenqing (顏真卿)]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[Draft of a Requiem to My Nephew (祭侄文稿) was written by Yan Zhenqing (顏真卿) to express his grief and sorrow for the death of his nephew, during the rebellion of An Lushan (安祿山) in around 755 AD. <br />
<br />
This scroll was likely a preliminary draft for the eulogy for Yan Zhenqing&#039;s nephew. It can be seen that Yan Zhenqing went back and crossed out and changed his words in numerous places. This shows how he composed and edited his writing, providing insight into his ideas as well as his calligraphy. Despite the formality of the content, the style of the work reveals considerable emotional unrestraint, making this one of the more significant examples of Yan Zhenqing&#039;s works]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:creator><![CDATA[Yan Zhenqing (顏真卿)]]></dcterms:creator>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[Tang Dynasty (唐朝)]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:rights><![CDATA[National Palace Museum (國立故宮博物院), Taipei (臺北市)]]></dcterms:rights>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Diligence monument (勤禮碑) ]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Duobao Tower Monument (多寶塔碑)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Story of Ma Gu in Xiantan (麻姑仙壇記)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Handscroll]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Ink on paper]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[28.3 x 75.5 cm]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Running script (行書)]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[234 characters in 23 columns]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:language><![CDATA[Chinese]]></dcterms:language>
    <dcterms:type><![CDATA[Calligraphy]]></dcterms:type>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[draftofarequiemtomynephew]]></dcterms:identifier>
    <dcterms:spatial><![CDATA[In the rebellion of An Lu-shan (安祿山) around 755 AD, Yan Zhenqing’s nephew Yan Jiming (顏季明) was serving in the government of Changshan (常山). The rebel forces invaded the town, and the Tang armies did not come to the rescue, resulting in the fall of the town and the death of Jiming. After the incident, Yan Zhenqing sent his elder nephew Quanming (泉明) to the town to make funerary arrangements and was only able to find Jiming&#039;s head. Yan Zhenqing&#039;s heart was filled with deep sorrow and indignation when he wrote this piece. ]]></dcterms:spatial>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-24/items/show/12">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Duan Inkstone (端硯)]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Chinese Calligraphy]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Writing Tools]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Calligraphy Tools]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Four Treasures of the Study]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Stone Mortar]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Ink Container]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Inkstone]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Tang Dynasty (唐朝）]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[Duan stone is a volcanic tuff, commonly of a purple to a purple-red color. There are various distinctive markings, due to various rock materials imbedded in the stone, that create unique designs and stone eyes (inclusions) which were traditionally valued in China.  <br />
<br />
Duan inkstones are extremely solid, smooth and fine, and is said to be the most valuable type of inkstones. The ink that is grinded from Duan inkstones are usually of high quality, is easy to write with and long-lasting.<br />
<br />
During the Song Dynasty, the emperor commanded that the government officials from Guangdong are not to bring the Duan stone  into the capital without prior authorisation, showing how valuable the stone is.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[Tang Dynasty Wude (唐朝武德）]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Chengni Inkstone (澄泥硯)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[She Inkstone (歙硯)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Tao Inkstone (洮硯)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Made of volcanic tuff, commonly of a purple to a purple-red color.]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:type><![CDATA[Physical Object]]></dcterms:type>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[duaninkstone]]></dcterms:identifier>
    <dcterms:spatial><![CDATA[Duan stones can be found in Guangdong&#039;s Zhaoqing city (廣東肇慶), Zhaoqing was called Duanzhou (端州) in ancient China, hence the name Duan stone.]]></dcterms:spatial>
    <dcterms:instructionalMethod><![CDATA[When grinding ink, cold water should be used instead of hot water or tea.]]></dcterms:instructionalMethod>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-24/items/show/32">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Fai Chun (揮春)]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Chinese New Year]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Lunar New Year]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Traditional Decoration]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Custom]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[Fai Chun (揮春) is a traditional decoration that is often used during Chinese New Year. Chinese put Fai Chun in the doorways to create elated festive atmosphere. The phrases written on it usually means good luck and prosperity. Customarily, Fai Chun is written by hand. There is three types of Fai Chun regarding to their shape and content: Doufang, Chuntiao, and Chunlian.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Antithetical Couplet (對聯)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Chinese Paper Cutting]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Ink on rice paper]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:language><![CDATA[Chinese]]></dcterms:language>
    <dcterms:type><![CDATA[Physical Object]]></dcterms:type>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[faichun]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-24/items/show/42">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Flowers’ Fragrance (花氣薰人帖)]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Ancient Calligraphy]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Chinese Calligraphy]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Calligraphy Masterpiece]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Famous Calligraphy]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Cursive Script (草書)]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Song Dynasty (宋朝)]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Huang Tingjian (黃庭堅)]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[In this piece, Tingjian wrote poems to his friend, Wang Gong (王鞏), saying that Wang Jinqing (王晉卿, 王詵) sent him written poems and keep waiting for his response by sending him flowers, but he didn&#039;t feel like writing a poem. On the other words, this poem was meant for Wang Shen as it shows that Tingjian&#039;s avoidance in responding to him.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:creator><![CDATA[Huang Tingjian (黃庭堅)]]></dcterms:creator>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[Song Dynasty (宋朝)]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:rights><![CDATA[National Palace Museum (國立故宮博物院), Taipei (臺北市)]]></dcterms:rights>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Poem on the Hall of Pines and Wind (松風閣詩)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Album leaf]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Ink on paper]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[30.7 x 43.2 cm]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Cursive Script (草書)]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[7 words in each of the 4 sentences, in 4¼ rows]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:language><![CDATA[Chinese]]></dcterms:language>
    <dcterms:type><![CDATA[Calligraphy]]></dcterms:type>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[flowersfragrance]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-24/items/show/2">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Goat Hair Brush (羊毫筆）]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Chinese Calligraphy]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Northern and Southern Dynasties (南北朝）]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Utensils]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Writing Tools]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Brush]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Soft Brush]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[A brush that is made with goat hair, which is softer and has less flexibility.  Goat hair brushes usually absorb ink easily and are used to write rounded and thick words. This kind of brush is also more long-lasting compared to other types of harder brushes.<br />
<br />
Goat hair brushes were said to origin from the Northern and Southern Dynasties and were made out of a goat&#039;s tail or chin hair. Goat hair brushes were not properly used until the Southern Song Dynasty, and were not popularised until the Qing Dynasty. This is because ancient calligraphers preferred a strong and powerful stroke, while brushes made out of goat hair were too soft to achieve this. It wasn&#039;t until the Qing Dynasty where people valued more rounded and subtle styles did the goat hair brush come into wide use.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[Northern and Southern Dynasties (南北朝）]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Mixed Hair Brush (兼毫筆）]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Weasel Hair Brush (狼毫筆）]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Goat Hair]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Jade]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Plastic]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Bamboo]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:type><![CDATA[Physical Object]]></dcterms:type>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[goalhairbrush]]></dcterms:identifier>
    <dcterms:instructionalMethod><![CDATA[When using a new brush, use a finger to softly rub the tip of the brush to separate the bristles. Soak 3/4 of the brush in warm water for 3-5 minutes.]]></dcterms:instructionalMethod>
    <dcterms:instructionalMethod><![CDATA[Before starting to write, wet the brush with water, and dry it with some paper, then hang it on a brush holder to dry  for about 7-10 minutes.]]></dcterms:instructionalMethod>
    <dcterms:instructionalMethod><![CDATA[Make sure that the brush is not completely dry when writing, leave some moisture in it to make sure it mixes well with the ink.]]></dcterms:instructionalMethod>
    <dcterms:instructionalMethod><![CDATA[After using the brush, wash it immediately with water and tidy the bristles with the current of the water. Make sure not to use soap as it contains chemicals which can damage the brush. It is important to wash the brush immediately as the ink can dry, making it difficult to wash it off later, and damaging the brush.]]></dcterms:instructionalMethod>
    <dcterms:instructionalMethod><![CDATA[After washing the brush and drying it, hang it on a brush holder within a dry environment, avoiding the sun&#039;s direct contact.]]></dcterms:instructionalMethod>
    <dcterms:instructionalMethod><![CDATA[When opening a new brush, the brush cap that comes along with it can be disposed and should not be reused when storing the brush. This is because putting the cap back on the brush can damage the bristles on the brush.]]></dcterms:instructionalMethod>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-24/items/show/41">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Huang Tingjian (黃庭堅)]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Ancient Calligrapher]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Chinese Calligrapher]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Famous Calligrapher]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Song Dynasty (宋朝) ]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Four Masters of the Song Dynasty (宋四家)]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[Huang Tingjian (黃庭堅) was a Chinese artist, scholar, government official, and poet of the Song dynasty. He is predominantly known as a calligrapher and is also admired for his painting and poetry. He was a younger friend of Su Shi (蘇軾) and influenced by his and his friends&#039; practice of literati painting (文人畫), calligraphy, and poetry.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[Song Dynasty (宋朝) ]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[1045 - 1105]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Su Shi (蘇軾)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Mi Fu (米芾)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:type><![CDATA[Person]]></dcterms:type>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[huangtingjian]]></dcterms:identifier>
    <dcterms:spatial><![CDATA[Huang Tingjian was born into the prominent Huang clan, which had established residence in Jiangnan, south of the Yangzi River, just across the river gorge from the main turmoils and troubles of the Five Dynasties period. After his father&#039;s death, Huang Tingjian was sent to Anhui to be further brought up by his uncle. Huang Tingjian spent 7 years teaching at the Damingfu Imperial Academy in Hebei. Its location was in what is currently Daming County. Damingfu was then Northern Capital of the Song Chinese Empire, and not far from the militarily turbulent northern border with the rival Khitan Empire.In the early Winter of 1105, Huang Tingjian died in Yizhou.]]></dcterms:spatial>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-24/items/show/8">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Liquid Ink (墨汁）]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Chinese Calligraphy]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Writing Tools]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Calligraphy Tools]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Ink]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Liquid Ink]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[Liquid Ink is a type of ink that was invented in the 19th century, and can be used directly without an ink stone. This is usually used by beginners as it is more convenient and easy to use.<br />
<br />
The inventor of liquid ink, Taguchi Seiji, was a teacher from Japan, and in order to motivate young children to practice calligraphy, he invented liquid ink in order to make writing easier  and more convenient.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:creator><![CDATA[Taguchi Seiji (田口精爾)]]></dcterms:creator>
    <dcterms:creator><![CDATA[Kaimei &amp; Co. Ltd]]></dcterms:creator>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[1898]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Pine Soot Ink (松煙墨）]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Oil Soot Ink (油煙墨）]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Liquid]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Plastic Container]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Black]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:type><![CDATA[Physical Object]]></dcterms:type>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[liquidink]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description></rdf:RDF>
