<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-24/items/show/31">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Chengni Inkstone (澄泥硯)]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Chinese Calligraphy]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Tools for Calligraphy]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Four Treasures of the Study]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Inkstone]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[Chengni inkstones are ceramic-manufactured inkstones. ]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[Tang Dynasty (唐朝)]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Duan Inkstone (端硯)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[She Inkstone (歙硯)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Tao Inkstone (洮硯)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Ceramic ]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:type><![CDATA[Physical Object]]></dcterms:type>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[chengniinkstones]]></dcterms:identifier>
    <dcterms:spatial><![CDATA[The manufacture of Chengni inkstones is said to have originated in Luoyang, Henan. ]]></dcterms:spatial>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-24/items/show/29">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Tao Inkstone (洮硯)]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Chinese Calligraphy]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Tools for Calligraphy<br />
<br />
]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Four Treasures of the Study]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Inkstones]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[These became rapidly desired after being first used as inkstone. It bears distinct markings such as bands of ripples with varying shades. The stone is crystalline and looks like jade. These stones have become increasingly rare and are difficult to find. It can easily be confused with a Duan ink stone, but can be distinguished by its crystalline nature.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[Song Dynasty (宋朝)]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Chengni Inkstone (澄泥硯)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Duan Inkstone (端硯)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[She Inkstone (歙硯)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Crystalline ]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Sedimentary]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:type><![CDATA[Physical Object]]></dcterms:type>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[taoinkstones]]></dcterms:identifier>
    <dcterms:spatial><![CDATA[Tao inkstones are made from the stones found at the bottom of the Tao River in Gansu Province. ]]></dcterms:spatial>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-24/items/show/28">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[She Inkstone (歙硯)]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Chinese Calligraphy]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Tools for Calligraphy]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Four Treasures of the Study]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Inkstones]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[She inkstones come from the She County (Anhui Province) and Wuyuan County (Jiangxi Province). Both counties were under jurisdiction of the ancient She Prefecture of Huizhou during the Tang Dynasty when the She ink stone was first made. This stone is a variety of slate and like Duan stone is categorized by the various mines from which the stone was obtained historically. It has a black color and also displays a variety of gold-like markings. She ink stones were first used during the Tang Dynasty.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[Tang Dynasty (唐朝)]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Chengni Inkstone (澄泥硯)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Duan Inkstone (端硯)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Tao Inkstone (洮硯)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[This stone is a variety of slate procured from various mines.]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:type><![CDATA[Physical Object]]></dcterms:type>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[sheinkstone]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-24/items/show/12">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Duan Inkstone (端硯)]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Chinese Calligraphy]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Writing Tools]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Calligraphy Tools]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Four Treasures of the Study]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Stone Mortar]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Ink Container]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Inkstone]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Tang Dynasty (唐朝）]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[Duan stone is a volcanic tuff, commonly of a purple to a purple-red color. There are various distinctive markings, due to various rock materials imbedded in the stone, that create unique designs and stone eyes (inclusions) which were traditionally valued in China.  <br />
<br />
Duan inkstones are extremely solid, smooth and fine, and is said to be the most valuable type of inkstones. The ink that is grinded from Duan inkstones are usually of high quality, is easy to write with and long-lasting.<br />
<br />
During the Song Dynasty, the emperor commanded that the government officials from Guangdong are not to bring the Duan stone  into the capital without prior authorisation, showing how valuable the stone is.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[Tang Dynasty Wude (唐朝武德）]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Chengni Inkstone (澄泥硯)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[She Inkstone (歙硯)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Tao Inkstone (洮硯)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Made of volcanic tuff, commonly of a purple to a purple-red color.]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:type><![CDATA[Physical Object]]></dcterms:type>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[duaninkstone]]></dcterms:identifier>
    <dcterms:spatial><![CDATA[Duan stones can be found in Guangdong&#039;s Zhaoqing city (廣東肇慶), Zhaoqing was called Duanzhou (端州) in ancient China, hence the name Duan stone.]]></dcterms:spatial>
    <dcterms:instructionalMethod><![CDATA[When grinding ink, cold water should be used instead of hot water or tea.]]></dcterms:instructionalMethod>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-24/items/show/10">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Pine Soot Ink (松煙墨）]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Chinese Calligraphy]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Writing Tools]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Calligraphy Tools]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Ink]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Solid Ink]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Inksticks]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Song Dynasty (宋朝)]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[Pine soot ink is made from the soot of pine wood, which is produced by the anoxic burning of pine wood. It has less glue (animal glue, e.g. Egg white, fish skin, or ox hide glues) and so spreads more than oil soot ink. Pine soot ink is a lot less lustrous or glossy compared to oil soot ink. It is often used to write calligraphy on stone carvings, or paintings (e.g. things like a man&#039;s hair).<br />
<br />
Before pine soot ink was widely used, ink was usually made out of natural compositions like graphite (石墨). However, producing pine soot inks requires chopping down thicker and stronger pine trees, creating damage for the natural environment]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[Song Dynasty (宋朝)]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:rights><![CDATA[To make ink, the inkstick is ground against an inkstone with a small quantity of water to produce a dark liquid which is then applied with an ink brush.]]></dcterms:rights>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Oil Soot Ink (油煙墨）]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Liquid Ink (墨汁)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Solid]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Rectangular]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Often have inscriptions and images]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Pine soot]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:type><![CDATA[Physical Object]]></dcterms:type>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[pinesootink]]></dcterms:identifier>
    <dcterms:instructionalMethod><![CDATA[Hold the inkstick straight while grinding it against the inkstone.]]></dcterms:instructionalMethod>
    <dcterms:instructionalMethod><![CDATA[Grind the inkstick with moderate speed and strength, and add an appropriate amount of water to ensure the concentration of the ink is maintained.]]></dcterms:instructionalMethod>
    <dcterms:instructionalMethod><![CDATA[Only grind as much ink as you need, because when ink is left unused for more than a day, the soot and glue starts to separate, and the ink becomes unusable.]]></dcterms:instructionalMethod>
    <dcterms:instructionalMethod><![CDATA[Once the process of ink grinding is finished, remove the inkstick from the inkstone immediately to prevent them from sticking to each other. Store the inkstick in a container or box of some sort to prevent the sun&#039;s direct contact as well as humidity.]]></dcterms:instructionalMethod>
    <dcterms:instructionalMethod><![CDATA[If you accidentally stain your clothing with ink, wash it with water immediately. If water is unable to complete remove the stain, try to use cooked rice. This is because the starch in rice can stick to the small soot particles in the ink, making it easier to wash off.]]></dcterms:instructionalMethod>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-24/items/show/9">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Oil Soot Ink (油煙墨）]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Chinese Calligraphy]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Writing Tools]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Calligraphy Tools]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Ink]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Solid Ink]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Inksticks]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Song Dynasty (宋朝)]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[Oil soot ink is made using the soot of burnt tung oil or various other oils. There is more glue (animal glue, e.g. egg white, fish skin, or ox hide glues) in this type of ink than the other kinds, so it does not spread as much. Oil soot ink has more lustre, and it often used for writing calligraphy and well as paintings (e.g. flowers, birds, landscapes)<br />
<br />
]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[Song Dynasty (宋朝)]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Solid]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Rectangular]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Often have inscriptions or images incorporated in the design.]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:type><![CDATA[Physical Object]]></dcterms:type>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[oilsootink]]></dcterms:identifier>
    <dcterms:instructionalMethod><![CDATA[Hold the inkstick straight while grinding it against the inkstone.]]></dcterms:instructionalMethod>
    <dcterms:instructionalMethod><![CDATA[Grind the inkstick with moderate speed and strength, and add an appropriate amount of water to ensure the concentration of the ink is maintained.]]></dcterms:instructionalMethod>
    <dcterms:instructionalMethod><![CDATA[Only grind as much ink as needed, because when ink is left unused for more than a day, the soot and glue starts to separate, and the ink becomes unusable.]]></dcterms:instructionalMethod>
    <dcterms:instructionalMethod><![CDATA[Once the process of ink grinding is finished, remove the inkstick from the inkstone immediately to prevent them from sticking to each other. Store the inkstick in a container or box of some sort to prevent the sun&#039;s direct contact as well as humidity.]]></dcterms:instructionalMethod>
    <dcterms:instructionalMethod><![CDATA[If you accidentally stain your clothing with ink, wash it with water immediately. If water is unable to complete remove the stain, try to use cooked rice. This is because the starch in rice can stick to the small soot particles in the ink, making it easier to wash off.]]></dcterms:instructionalMethod>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-24/items/show/8">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Liquid Ink (墨汁）]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Chinese Calligraphy]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Writing Tools]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Calligraphy Tools]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Ink]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Liquid Ink]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[Liquid Ink is a type of ink that was invented in the 19th century, and can be used directly without an ink stone. This is usually used by beginners as it is more convenient and easy to use.<br />
<br />
The inventor of liquid ink, Taguchi Seiji, was a teacher from Japan, and in order to motivate young children to practice calligraphy, he invented liquid ink in order to make writing easier  and more convenient.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:creator><![CDATA[Taguchi Seiji (田口精爾)]]></dcterms:creator>
    <dcterms:creator><![CDATA[Kaimei &amp; Co. Ltd]]></dcterms:creator>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[1898]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Pine Soot Ink (松煙墨）]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Oil Soot Ink (油煙墨）]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Liquid]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Plastic Container]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Black]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:type><![CDATA[Physical Object]]></dcterms:type>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[liquidink]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-24/items/show/7">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Shu Xuan Paper (熟宣紙）]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Chinese Calligraphy]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Writing Tools]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Calligraphy Tools]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Paper]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Rice Paper]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Processed Paper]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[Shu Xuan paper, has Potassium alum worked into it during production, which results in a stiffer texture, a reduced ability to absorb water, and less resistance to shear stress (meaning that it can be torn much more easily). Shu Xuan Paper is usually used to write smaller sized calligraphy which requires more accuracy and neatness. ]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Xuan Paper (宣紙)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Sheng Xuan Paper (生宣紙）]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Mao Bian Paper (毛邊紙）]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Qing Tan Bark (青檀樹皮）]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Rice Straw (沙田稻草）]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Potassium Alum]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:type><![CDATA[Physical Object]]></dcterms:type>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[shuxuanpaper]]></dcterms:identifier>
    <dcterms:spatial><![CDATA[Xuan paper was first mentioned in the ancient Chinese book &quot;New Book of Tang&quot; (新唐書). It was originally produced in the Tang dynasty in Jing County, which was under the jurisdiction of Xuan Prefecture (Xuanzhou), hence the name Xuan paper.]]></dcterms:spatial>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-24/items/show/6">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Sheng Xuan Paper (生宣紙）]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Chinese Calligraphy]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Writing Tools]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Calligraphy Tools]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Paper]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Rice Paper]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[Sheng Xuan is a type of Xuan paper that is usually not processed, and has high ink absorbance abilities and has high flexibility. It is difficult for beginners to use Sheng Xuan paper because the ink is absorbed quickly, causing it to blur. Sheng Xuan Paper is often used for Xieyi (寫意) - a traditional type of Chinese painting - as well as writing scripts like semi-cursive (行書) and cursive (草書) (which usually have more flexibility and personal style).]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[Tang Dynasty]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Xuan Paper (宣紙）]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Shu Xuan Paper (熟宣紙）]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Mao Bian Paper (毛邊紙)]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Qing Tan Bark (青檀樹皮）]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Rice Straw (沙田稻草）]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:type><![CDATA[Physical Object]]></dcterms:type>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[shengxuanpaper]]></dcterms:identifier>
    <dcterms:spatial><![CDATA[Xuan paper was first mentioned in the ancient Chinese book &quot;New Book of Tang&quot; (新唐書). It was originally produced in the Tang dynasty in Jing County, which was under the jurisdiction of Xuan Prefecture (Xuanzhou), hence the name Xuan paper.]]></dcterms:spatial>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://learning.hku.hk/ccch9051/group-24/items/show/5">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Mao Bian Paper (毛邊紙）]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Chinese Calligraphy]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Writing Tools]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Calligraphy Tools]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Paper]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:subject><![CDATA[Bamboo Paper]]></dcterms:subject>
    <dcterms:description><![CDATA[Mao Bian Paper is a type of paper that is usually made from bamboo fibers. It has a fine and smooth texture, and is thin and soft, it has a low water resistance and absorbs ink well.]]></dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[Ming Dynasty]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:contributor><![CDATA[Mao Jin (毛晉)]]></dcterms:contributor>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Xuan Paper (宣紙）]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Sheng Xuan Paper (生宣紙）]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:relation><![CDATA[Shu Xuan Paper (熟宣紙）]]></dcterms:relation>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Bamboo Mixture]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:format><![CDATA[Slightly Yellow]]></dcterms:format>
    <dcterms:type><![CDATA[Physical Object]]></dcterms:type>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[maobianpaper]]></dcterms:identifier>
    <dcterms:spatial><![CDATA[Bamboo paper was produced in Jiangxi towards the end of the Ming Dynasty, and was used for writing as well as printing books. In the Ming Dynasty, there was an avid book collector called Mao Jin (毛晉) who once went to Jiangxi and ordered large amounts of this kind of bamboo paper, and used it for printing books. He stamped his surname Mao (毛) on the paper, and sold books made out of this bamboo paper, and it has been called Mao Bian paper ever since. Before him, books were usually printed on paper made out of cotton, and were much more expensive, and difficult for the general public to afford.]]></dcterms:spatial>
</rdf:Description></rdf:RDF>
