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                  <text>Tools</text>
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                <text>The earliest known chemical explosive. It consists of a mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate (saltpeter).The sulfur and charcoal act as fuels while the saltpeter is an oxidizer. Because of its incendiary properties and the amount of heat and gas volume that it generates, gunpowder has been widely used as a propellant in firearms, artillery, rockets, and fireworks and as a blasting powder in quarrying, mining, and road building.</text>
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                <text>Elixir of life</text>
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                <text>Chinese alchemists</text>
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                <text>The Mozi is an ancient Chinese text from the Warring States period including eleven chapters on technology and defensive warfare, on which the Mohists were expert and which are valuable sources of information on ancient Chinese military technology. Physics like force and refraction were discussed in the book.</text>
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                <text>Frying steel is to heat the pig iron to a semi-liquid, semi-solid state (ie, molten state), and then stir. Decarbonization is performed using oxygen in air or iron ore fines to obtain iron or steel technology. Extremely fine steel is steel fried and forged repeatedly using fried steel as raw material. From the analysis of unearthed cultural relics, frying Steel and extremely fine steel have been widely used in the early Eastern Han Dynasty at the latest. This steelmaking technology has greatly improved the quality of iron and promoted the development of social production.&#13;
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                <text>Iron casting technology</text>
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                <text>Nodular cast iron</text>
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                <text>Weapons and tools</text>
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                <text>Printing is one of the four great inventions in ancient China. Before the invention of printing, the spread of culture relied mainly on hand-written books. Hand-printing is time-consuming and it is easy to make mistakes . The development of Chinese printing has been gone through the two stages of engraving and movable-type printing has given a great gift to human development.</text>
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                <text>Sui dynasty(581–618)</text>
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                <text>Four Great Invention</text>
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                <text>Bi Sheng</text>
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                <text>The 24 Solar Terms</text>
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                <text>Calendar system; Chinese calendar; Lunisolar calendar</text>
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                <text>The 24 solar terms is a gross name of the system that comprises 12 major solar terms and 12 minor solar terms interlaced with each other.  Starting from "vernal equinox", the 12 major solar terms are "vernal equinox", "corn rain", "corn forms", "summer solstice", "great heat", "end of heat", "autumnal equinox", "frost", "light snow", "winter solstice", "severe cold" and "spring showers".  Each major solar term falls on one of the 12 lunar months designated by the 12 earthly branches. The minor solar term after "vernal equinox" is "bright and clear",  "summer commences", "corn on ear", "moderate heat", "autumn commences", "white dew", "cold dew", "winter commences", "heavy snow", "moderate cold", "spring commences" and "insects waken".</text>
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                <text>Emperor Wu of Han</text>
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                <text>Lunar calendar</text>
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                <text>Commentary on the Water Classic</text>
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                <text>The Commentary on the Water Classic or Shuǐ Jīng Zhù is a work on the ancient geography of China, describing the traditional understanding of its waterways and ancient canals, compiled by Li Daoyuan during the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534 AD). The book is divided into sections by river, each described with its source, course, and major tributaries, including cultural and historical notes.</text>
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                <text>Li Daoyuan</text>
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                <text>Papermaking found in Han Dynasty is a method to make  handmade paper and cardboard. In papermaking, a dilute suspension consisting mostly of separate cellulose fibres in water is drained through a sieve-like screen, so that a mat of randomly interwoven fibres is laid down. Water is further removed from this sheet by pressing, sometimes aided by suction or vacuum, or heating. Once dry, a generally flat, uniform and strong sheet of paper is achieved.</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                <text>Traditional Chinese handicraft</text>
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                <text>Xu Xiake's Travels</text>
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                <text>Chinese literature; Travelogue</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>A travelogue of Xu Xiake that consists mainly of essays describing the travels of him.  it records from geology, geography to plants of the sites.</text>
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                <text>Records of Kukkutapada Mountain</text>
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            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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                <text>Machines; Natural hazard prevention</text>
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                <text>The seismometer was made of fine copper, and looked like a big cup with a lid. The instrument was cast with eight dragons on the surface (whose heads pointed in eight directions), and each dragon had a copper ball in the mouth. On the ground below the dragons there were eight copper toads raising their heads and opening their mouths opposite the dragons' mouths. When an earthquake occurred, the dragon facing that direction would open its mouth, and the ball would fall into the toad's mouth, automatically indicating the direction of the earthquake.</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Zhang Heng</text>
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                <text>Armillary sphere</text>
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                <text>Four Great Inventions; Tools</text>
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                <text>The compass is the first magnetic instrument to tell geographic cardinal directions.</text>
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